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Children’s survival, nutrition and education have improved dramatically over recent decades. But progress on indicators of child health and well-being is currently stalled across the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs). No country is currently providing the conditions needed to support every child to grow up and have a healthy future.
Children (aged 0 to 18 years) today face a host of new threats linked to climate change, pollution, harmful commercial marketing, unhealthy lifestyles and diets, injury and violence, conflict, migration and inequality. Their very future is uncertain, and urgent action is needed to address these threats.
Some of the most important actions needed to protect children and ensure their future are: centering the child in every policy linked to the Sustainable Development Goal agenda;
Investing in children’s health, education and well-being brings substantial returns for societies. For every dollar invested in children, there is a benefit of around US$ 10 for many interventions and up to US$ 20 for some. Each dollar invested in health brings 20 times that in benefit in lower-middle income countries and nine times the benefit in low-income countries. Improving health and well-being in childhood benefits the individual throughout the life course and for generations to come.
The lives of all children are existentially threatened by greenhouse gas emissions leading to climate change. Children’s lives today, and future existence, are at risk from rising sea levels, extreme weather events, water and food insecurity, heat stress, emerging infectious diseases and large-scale population migration. These issues are already affecting hundreds of millions of children today.
Urgent action is needed to reduce carbon emissions in order to keep warming below 1.5 °C and implement the provisions of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
Indoor and ambient (outdoor) air pollution are both responsible for an estimated 7 million deaths (2016). Air pollution is associated with poor childhood respiratory health; it impairs the lungs and the brain and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome across the child’s lifespan.
Climate-related health risks are compounded amongst the 40% of the world’s children who live in informal settlements where substandard housing, overcrowding, hazardous locations, unhealthy living conditions, poverty and poor access to basic services can harm their health and well-being.
The rapid rise in childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century, with the number of children and adolescents affected by obesity increasing more than ten times from 11 million in 1975 to 124 million in 2016.
Children are frequently exposed to harmful commercial marketing, typically seeing tens of thousands of advertisements a year for addictive substances and unhealthy commodities including fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages which contribute to obesity and chronic diseases, as well as online gambling services, which can harm their relationships, school achievement, and mental health.
The marketing and inappropriate use of breastmilk substitutes (formula milk)— a US$ 70 billion industry — is associated with lowered intelligence, obesity, increased risk of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases, accounting for an estimated loss to society of US$ 302 billion.
The commercial threats to children’s health are dangerously underappreciated. Children’s high online exposure can also harm them when companies buy and sell their profiles for the purposes of commercial targeting. Children are also exposed to via bullying, exploitation, and contact with criminals and sexual predators.
Road injury is the leading cause of death for children and young people aged five to 29 years. And more than 1 billion children — half of all children —are exposed to violence every year.
In 2018, 1 billion people had moved or were on the move either as internally displaced persons, international migrants or refugees, including many children, as a result of conflict, violence or inequity and lack of opportunities.
In 2010, the World Health Assembly, passed Resolution WHA63.14 Marketing of food and non-alcoholic beverages to children. In so doing, the Assembly endorsed a set of 12 recommendations which call for global action on marketing to children of food and drinks high in saturated fats, trans fatty acids, free sugars or salt.
In 2017, the WHO Western Pacific Region passed Resolution WPR/RC68.R3 Protecting children from the harmful impact of food marketing. It calls for accelerated, multisectoral and multi-stakeholder action; sharing of best practices; provision of technical support and advocacy; and more collaboration among countries on measuring and mitigating harmful impacts of food marketing.
In 2020, a WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission published the report A future for the world’s children?, which is based on the expertise of more than 40 child health specialists from around the world. The report sets out new threats to child health and well-being and provides recommendations to ensure children’s health today and in the future.
WHO and UNICEF are providing technical support to countries as well as communication and advocacy on the report’s findings and messages globally. WHO will, inter alia: